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June 22, 2007, Volume 6 Number 9 1. View from the Field
2. Fusarium Head Blight (Scab) Update
3. Wheat Harvest - Preparing Bins to Avoid Pest Problems
4. Sampling for Potato Leafhopper in Alfalfa
5. Soybean Rust Update
6. NY Soybean Aphid Update
7. Clipboard Checklist
8. Growing Degree Days in NYS
9. Upcoming Events
10. Contact Information
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View from the Field
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Western NY and Finger Lakes
Julie Dennis, NYS IPM
Potato leafhoppers were present at low levels in 2 Cornell
alfalfa variety trials located in Wyoming
County. I only observed adult PLH, no nymphs.
Reports of soybean aphids are coming in from around the
soybean producing areas of the state.
Observations from Cortland, Cayuga, Livingston, Ontario,
Seneca, and Wayne
Counties indicate that
aphids are at low to moderate populations.
All soybean scouting eyes should be on the lookout for aphids and, given
the dry weather, spider mites. Not sure what to look for?
Spider mites on soybean leaf
Spider mite injury on soybean leaf:
Don’t worry yet, those photos were taken in 2005.
Another soybean pest to be on the lookout for is the bean
leaf beetle. We saw bean leaf beetle for
the first time in NY late last season.
Mike Stanyard has already spotted one in Seneca County
this year.
Photo taken by Mike Stanyard
Eastern NYS
Ken Wise
Potato leafhoppers can be found in most fields in
Eastern NYS. Over the past week I have found them in
Orange, Schoharie, and
Columbia
Counties.
A field at the Cornell Research Farm in Valatie had potato leafhoppers over
threshold. In three sets of 10 sweeps each there were an average of 150 potato
leafhopper nymphs. The following picture shows potato leafhopper damage (also
called “potato leafhopper burn”) to alfalfa field scouted this week. 
The PLH damaged field had not been cut yet and is about 25
inches tall. In neighboring cut fields PLH were far below threshold.
Soybean aphid populations have increased in our Columbia
County SBR sentinel site. Two weeks ago no soybean aphids were found, while
this week there was an average of about 20aphids/plant. They ranged from 0 -
100 aphids/plant.
Both the Multi-colored Asian Lady Beetle (Harmonia axyridis) and the 7-Spotted Lady Beetle (Coccinella septempunctata) ) also were observed in this field.
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Fusarium Head Blight (Scab) Update
Julie Dennis
NYS IPM
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One of the most devastating diseases of wheat in NY is Fusarium
head blight (FHB), or scab.
The disease reduces yield by decreasing the number of viable kernels,
but the more significant impact is that the fungus in diseased kernels may
produce a mycotoxin.
Scab is caused by airborne spores of the fungus Fusarium graminearum that dwell in
nearby crop debris, including corn stalks and wheat straw. This is the same
fungus that can cause root, stalk, and ear rots of corn. Since the fungus is very widespread,
likelihood of exposure is generally not reduced by crop rotation or other
cultural practices. Extended periods of
warm, moist weather at crop flowering can cause the anthers to be infected just
after their emergence, killing the florets and preventing kernels from
developing.
Across NY, winter wheat flowered between May 29th
and June 10th. Although there
were scattered rain showers on June 3, 4, and 5 in the Finger
Lakes region, weather conditions were mostly dry across NY wheat
areas during flowering. Therefore, the
risk of FHB infection at flowering was low.
The Penn State FHB
Risk Assessment Tool continues to show low risk of disease in NY.
In locations where wet weather was experienced during wheat
flowering, now is the critical time for farmers to be scouting their fields to
determine if wheat is heavily infested. Symptoms of scab become visible on
emerged heads soon after flowering.
During early grain fill, the disease shows up as pink to salmon orange
on infected kernels. As kernel fill
progresses, the infected kernels appear bleached or chalky white. Spikes that
are infected later than flowering will produce diseased kernels that are small
and shriveled in appearance. Free
testing of wheat for the vomitoxin is available at The Star of the West Mill in
Churchville, near Rochester. If scab is present in a wheat field, experts
recommend turning up fans on the combine to blow out small, lightweight
kernels, and taking measures to clean the wheat.
There will soon be another tool in the FHB IPM toolbox! A new variety of soft white winter wheat
called Jensen has been developed in the Cornell Small Grains Breeding Program,
led by Mark Sorrells. Jensen is more
resistant to FHB than currently available soft white winter wheat varieties,
and should be widely available for fall 2008 plantings.
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Wheat Harvest - Preparing Bins to Avoid Pest Problems
Keith Waldron
NYS IPM
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You have nurtured the wheat crop since planting, watched
closely for nutritional needs and pests, tuned in the weather channel and kept
tabs on the commodity exchange. Now that wheat heads are beginning to lighten
in color it won't be too long before it's harvest time. Will your storage bins
be ready?
Most producers are quite familiar with the in-ground aspects of wheat
production. To maintain the profits a good yield can bring, make and follow a
plan to protect the grain while in storage. Grain storage will not improve
grain quality. However, proper management of grain during storage will
protect the quality present at harvest.
The IPM approach for stored grain protection includes a combination of
sanitation, well-sealed bins, frequent monitoring for temperature and insect
populations, aeration to cool grain in the fall, and pest management treatments
as needed. Stored grain management begins with "an ounce of
prevention". This article will highlight some of the steps one can take
now to protect stored grain before it is harvested. The following
pre-harvest information was "gleaned" whole or in part from Stored
Grain IPM information from Oklahoma State University
Stored Products
Research & Education Center and Purdue
University. Source URL's
provided at end of this article.
Insect infestations are the more common stored grain pest issues one might
encounter. Insect infested grain can be docked at time of sale. Most common
grain bin insect problems can be traced back to infestations in previously
stored material, cracked grain and grain fines and trash. The key to prevention
is SANITATION - clean out the bin every time it is emptied. How clean? If you
can tell what was stored in the bin the last time it was used, it needs more
cleaning. In addition to insects, birds and rodents are also attracted to left
over and spilled grain. Lights mounted on or in close proximity to grain bins
may attract unwanted stored grain insects.
The following sanitation practices are recommended for managing empty storage
bins.
* Clean harvest and transportation machines before harvest.
* Repair all grain handling equipment before harvest and keep it in good
condition.
* Seal unloading auger, auger tube opening, and side door openings before
harvest
* Empty storage structures of old grain. The new crop should never be stored on
top of old grain.
* Remove and destroy any grain from beneath, around or near the bin area. Sweep
and vacuum the floors, false floors, and walls inside empty bins to remove old
grain and debris. This debris usually contains insect eggs, larvae, pupae,
and/or adults, all ready to infest the new grain. A shop vacuum, broom and
scoop are very useful in a cleanup job, and all collected material should be
discarded properly.
* Check fan boxes for possible grain pests.
* Remove any spilled grain outside the storage structure.
* Mow / remove weeds at least 10 feet around the bins.
* Check and clean or replace rodent traps.
* Check the integrity of screens and porcupine wires to limit bird entry and
roosting.
* For additional protection against infestation, the inside and outside
surfaces, foundations and floor of a storage facility can be sprayed with
residual insecticide, four to six weeks prior to harvest, to kill any insects
that were not removed during cleaning and those that migrate into the bin.
* Establish a written sanitation schedule, keep appropriate records
Bin Sealing
Roof leaks commonly lead to columns of spoiled grain. Check for these leaks
by looking for light coming into the bin. Moisture coming into the bin through
the seal between the bin and concrete will cause spoilage around the perimeter
of the bin at the base. Check the seal since sealants do deteriorate. Water
will run away from the seal at the base of the bin wall if the concrete is
sloped away from the bin. Also check the seals around the doors and hatches.
Besides keeping grain dry, grain storages should be well sealed for two other
basic reasons: (1) to minimize grain insect entry problems into base and
sidewall grain, and
(2) to minimize leakage should fumigants be used.
In addition, improved insect kill (efficacy), tighter sealed structures require
lower dosage rates, which reduce the cost of future fumigations and cover the
cost for the sealing materials and labor.
When clean grain is transferred into a clean, sanitized structure with base and
sidewalls well sealed, the main insect infestation and population growth should
be on the grain surface in the structure headspace. Permanently sealing all
non-functional base, sidewall and roof openings is the first priority of
sealing storages. The second sealing priority is to seal functional openings at
all times during the year when the component is not being used. More
information on bin sealing is available on the SPREC Web site
Source of the above stored grain pest management information: Oklahoma State
University Stored Products Research & Education
Center Newsletter - Spring 2004
and Purdue's Stored Product Pest factsheet
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Sampling for Potato Leafhopper in Alfalfa
Ken Wise
NYS IPM
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Scouting alfalfa fields is the key to early detection of potato leafhopper infestations. Use a 15-inch diameter sweep net to determine the potential risk a potato
leafhopper infestation may pose to your alfalfa. Scouting for potato leafhopper
starts after the first cutting of alfalfa (about the first part of June) till
the first fall frost. You will want to use a potato leafhopper sequential sampling plan to
determine if an infestation requires management or not. The first thing to do
is determine the height of your alfalfa. Smaller plants are more vulnerable to potato leafhopper; thus there
are different action thresholds for different heights of alfalfa. The second
thing you will need to know is how to sample for potato leafhopper. A sample
consists of a set of 10 sweeps of the net. A
sweep is one pass in front of you as you walk through the alfalfa. The return
swing is counted as another sweep. Sequential sampling reduces the time spent in
each field and tells you whether to treat (management action) or not treat (no
management action). Sequential sampling is particularly helpful in minimizing
time required to make a management decision in situations where PLH populations
are very high or very low. Use the following chart to determine potato leafhopper infestation levels. 
N= No management needed at this
timep">
T= Management needed as soon as
possible
Write down the number of potato leafhoppers for each sample taken on the
card. Add each sample to the next, keeping a running total of potato leafhoppers. You will
need to take at least 3 samples using the sequential sampling method. On the
sequential sampling card “N” is defined as no treatment (no management) needed
at this time and “T” is defined as treatment (management) needed within in a
week. If the sample is smaller than the “N” number stop and scout 7 days later.
If the number of leafhoppers is larger than the “T” number then management
action needs to be taken within a week. If the number of potato leafhoppers
fall between “N” and “T” then continue and take the next sample till a decision
can be determined. Check out our online PLH Sampling Guide for a printable
version of the sequential sampling chart |
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Soybean Rust Update
Gary Bergstrom
Cornell Univeristy Plant Pathology
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NYS
2007 Asian Soybean Rust Status
Most of the twenty sentinel plots have been planted in the following New York counties: Cayuga, Chautauqua, Chemung,
Chenango, Columbia, Cortland,
Jefferson, Montgomery, Oneida,
Onondaga, Ontario, Orleans,
Oswego, St. Lawrence, Seneca, Steuben, Suffolk, Wayne, and Wyoming. Scouting in
these plots should begin in the next week. Updates on scouting efforts in these
sentinel plots will be posted weekly on the NY State Soybean Rust Information
Center.
Scouting for soybean rust has intensified nationally with most of the
sentinel plots being monitored regularly throughout most of the soybean growing
states, and north to Canada.
On June 14th, a commercial field in Hidalgo
County, Texas was
confirmed to have soybean rust. Soybean rust was found on volunteer soybeans in
this county earlier this year as well as last year on late planted soybeans.
This is the second detection of rust on soybean this year in Texas. Soybean rust has also been detected
on kudzu in 10 counties in Florida and in five
counties in each of Georgia
and Alabama, two counties in Louisiana
and one in Texas.
(Updated June 21, 2007 )
http://www.ppath.cornell.edu/soybeanrustny/
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NY Soybean Aphid Update
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(updated: 06/20/07)
From: NY section of the United States Soybean Rust Soybean
Aphid Commentary.
New York State Agricultural Statistics
estimates 210, 000 acres of soybeans were planted in NY this season. Most
soybeans are currently in the early stages of emergence between the unifoliate
and V3 leaf stage.
Soybean aphids (SBA's) were reported
last week (6/11-13/07) by Cornell cooperative extension personnel in south
central and central NY. Where present, most fields had 0-3 SBA's per plant. A
few central NY fields, however, in Ontario and
Wayne Counties had counts averaging 25 per
plant with as many as 100 per plant on unifoliate soybean seedlings. Reports
this week indicate soybean aphid populations have been also been observed on
young soybean seedlings in Cayuga (central and Columbia (eastern) NY. The Columbia county site found an average of 20
SBA’s per plant.
Low numbers of natural enemies such as
lady bird beetles (Coccinellid spp) have been observed. http://www.sbrusa.net/ |
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Clipboard Checklist
Keith Waldron
NYS IPM
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General:
* Maintain crop records by field, including variety, planting date, pesticides
used, nutrient inputs including manure, etc.
* Watch for early season weed escapes, any patches of herbicide resistant
weeds?
* Storage areas cleaned and ready to accept upcoming hay harvest?
Corn:
* Determine plant populations, make notes on emergence, drought, and other
problems
* Check for cutworm, armyworm, leaf blights, slugs, bird and deer damage
* Monitor for weeds, note presence of "who", "how many" and
"where"
* Adjust post emergence weed control actions as appropriate
Small Grains:
* Monitor winter grains for crop growth stage, insect and disease problems
- evaluate crop for adequate
stand and plant vigor
- evaluate crop for Fusarium
head blight (Scab) and other grain head diseases
* Check, clean, prepare storage bins to accept upcoming harvest?
* Mow around storage bins to remove rodent habitat, remove spilled grain
* Clean grain handling equipment (conveyors, wagons, trucks, combines,
elevators, etc.) for signs of leftover grain - remove potential sources of
stored grain insect infestations.
Alfalfa & Hay:
* Monitor alfalfa seedings for weeds, potato leafhopper and diseases.
* Check established alfalfa stands for potato leafhopper, weed and disease
problems
Soybeans:
* Initial stand assessment: plant populations, seedling
diseases
* Begin monitoring fields for presence of soybean aphids,
and other insects, including natural enemies such as lady bird beetles.
* Check droughty fields for presence of spider mites
Dairy Livestock Barn Fly Management:
* Sanitation, sanitation, sanitation - clean animal resting areas, feed
troughs, minimize source of moist organic matter i.e. fly breeding areas in
barn and in adjacent animal loafing yard
* Check waterers, drainage, roof gutters for leaks and potential overspill
* Begin fly monitoring: install "3X5" index card fly speck monitoring
cards through out barn
* Order fly management materials: fly tapes, insecticide baits, natural enemies
(parasitoids)
Dairy Livestock Pasture Fly Management:
* Monitor animals for
face, horn, and stable fly populations
* Check feed troughs, around waterers for signs of stable
fly breeding.
* Consider use of traps if horse and stable fly populations
are a problem
Equipment:
* Note any repairs needed for recently used equipment: tractors, tillage
implements, planters, etc. as they are cleaned and serviced.
* Service planters, alfalfa harvesting equipment, and tillage implements as
needed.
*Calibrate manure spreaders - maintain records on amount spread
per field
* Check, clean, adjust and service small grain harvesting equipment as needed.
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Growing Degree Days in NYS
Ken Wise
NYS IPM
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CURRENT Accumulated Growing degree days (48F Base) as of March 1 - June 19, 2007
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Location |
Base 48 F |
Base 50 F | |
Batavia |
823 |
716 | |
Chazy |
733 |
640 | |
Clifton Park |
1101 |
981 | |
Geneva |
869 |
758 | |
Ithaca |
800 |
697 | |
Prattsburg |
713 |
618 |
Source: http://newa.nysaes.cornell.edu/base5005.htm
Growing degree Days
for peak (50%) Occurrence of Alfalfa Weevil growth stage:
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Stage or Event |
Accumulated growing degree days | |
Egg Hatch
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280 | |
Instar 1 |
315 | Instar 2
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395 | |
Instar 3 |
470 | |
Instar 4 |
550 | |
Cocooning |
600 | |
Pupa |
725 | |
Adult Emergence |
815 |
(Note: for alfalfa weevil predictions use Base
Temp of 48F)
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Upcoming Events
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SEED GROWERS FIELD DAY
NYSIP Foundation Seed Barn
Thursday, July 5, 2007
Ithaca, NY
(761 Dryden Road,
Route 366)
Registration and Coffee at 9:00 AM
Tour Begins at 9:30 AM
WEED SCIENCE FIELD DAYS
Valatie Research Farm – July 6
(Stage Farm Road
just off Route 9, North of Valatie)
Registration and Coffee at 9:00 AM
Tour Begins at 9:30 AM to 12 Noon
(Field Crops)
Robert B. Musgrave Research Farm- July 11
(Popular Ridge Road, connects 90 and 34B)
11:00 am to 1:00 pm-Chicken BBQ
1:00 pm Registration
1:30 pm to 5:00 pm Tour
(Field Crops)
H.C. Thompson Research Farm- July 12
Freeville, NY
10 miles north of Ithaca,
Fall Creek Road Rt. 366 extension)
8:00 am Registration ($8 Informational Packet)
8:30 am to Noon-Vegetable Weed Control
AURORA FIELD DAY
ROBERT MUSGRAVE RESEARCH FARM
Thursday July 26, 2007
Poplar Ridge Road, Aurora, NY
(connects 90 and 34B)
Coffee at 9:30 AM
Tour Plots 10 AM to 3 PM |
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Contact Information
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Julie Dennis: IPM Area Educator, Livestock and
Field Crops, Western NY
Phone: (315) 331-8415
Fax: (315) 331-8411
Email: js38@cornell.edu
Keith Waldron: NYS Livestock and Field Crops IPM Coordinator
Phone: (315) 787 - 2432
Fax: (315) 787-2360
Email: jkw5@cornell.edu
Ken Wise: Eastern NYS IPM Area Educator: Field Crops and Livestock
Phone: (518) 434-1690
Fax: (518) 426-3316
Email: klw24@cornell.edu |
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